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FFmpeg through 9.0.2 contains a NULL pointer dereference vulnerability in tgv_decode_inter() in libavcodec/eatgv.c that ignores init_get_bits() failure on oversized packets. Attackers can supply a crafted EA file with a kVGT frame followed by an fVGT inter frame with a 2^28-byte compressed block section, crashing the process for denial of service.

Denial of service

FFmpeg through 9.0.2 contains a NULL pointer dereference vulnerability in the Cirrus Logic AccuPak (CLJR) decoder in libavcodec/cljrdec.c because decode_frame() ignores init_get_bits() failure. Attackers can supply a crafted AVI file with a 2^28-byte CLJR frame that overflows the bit count, causing reads from a NULL buffer and crashing the process.

Denial of service

SuperTokens Core is an open source authentication server. From 11.3.0 until 11.3.8, 11.4.8, 12.0.11, 12.1.2, 12.2.1, and 12.3.1, a licensed deployment with a configured SAML client can authenticate an identity from an assertion that did not satisfy the audience check. When the identity provider uses assertion-level signing, an attacker who has a still-valid IdP-signed assertion naming the victim for any audience and the attacker's own valid assertion for the target audience can combine them because validateSamlResponseAudience accepts an audience from one assertion while extractAllClaims takes the final NameID and attributes from another; response-level signing does not expose this multi-assertion variant. Independently, an assertion from an identity provider configured for the target deployment but issued to another SuperTokens deployment using the shared default saml_sp_entity_id can satisfy the target's audience check. Successful exploitation authenticates the attacker as the victim IdP user. This issue is fixed in versions 11.3.8, 11.4.8, 12.0.11, 12.1.2, 12.2.1, and 12.3.1.

Auth & access Server

NASA JPL ION-DTN 3.6.2 through 4.2.0 contains a heap-based buffer overflow in the Network Management daemon (nm_mgr) string-formatting logic that allows a malicious or misconfigured agent to trigger an out-of-bounds write by sending deeply nested AMP payloads that exceed fixed-size buffer allocations through unbounded strcat operations. Attackers can transmit oversized AMP reports, tables, or macros over the UDP CLA/AMP path or trigger the flaw locally via interactive UI rendering to crash nm_mgr and cause a denial of service halting telemetry collection and operator visibility.

Memory safety

NASA JPL ION-DTN 2.1.0 through 4.2.0 contains a heap buffer under-allocation vulnerability in the Asynchronous Message Service daemon (amsd) that allows a rogue or misconfigured peer to trigger an out-of-bounds write by sending crafted Meta-AMS (MAMS) configuration management messages that are processed without cryptographic authentication. Attackers can exploit the insufficient buffer size calculation for the internal state-event object to crash the active Configuration Server thread, causing a denial of service and potentially destabilizing subsequent shared-memory allocations in amsd.

Memory safety Server

SuperTokens Core is an open source authentication server. From 10.1.0 until 11.0.9, 11.1.4, 11.2.4, 11.3.8, 11.4.8, 12.0.11, 12.1.2, 12.2.1, and 12.3.1, loadOptionsById_Transaction and getUserInfoByCredentialId_Transaction perform application-scoped WebAuthn lookups without constraining them to the requested tenant, and WebAuthN.signIn does not verify tenant membership. In a multi-tenant deployment using WebAuthn with a shared user pool, an ordinary user who possesses their own valid passkey in one tenant can submit its assertion to another tenant's sign-in endpoint in the same application and be authenticated there despite having no membership in the target tenant. This issue is fixed in versions 11.0.9, 11.1.4, 11.2.4, 11.3.8, 11.4.8, 12.0.11, 12.1.2, 12.2.1, and 12.3.1.

Auth & access Server

SuperTokens Core is an open source authentication server. From 7.0.0 until 11.0.9, 11.1.4, 11.2.4, 11.3.8, 11.4.8, 12.0.11, 12.1.2, 12.2.1, and 12.3.1, createNewSession can resolve a primary user before unlinkAccounts detaches a login method and then insert the session after unlink has enumerated and revoked the existing sessions. A user who controls the linked login method can exploit this race to retain a signed, database-backed, refreshable session as the former primary identity after that method is unlinked; the session persists until expiry or explicit revocation. This issue is fixed in versions 11.0.9, 11.1.4, 11.2.4, 11.3.8, 11.4.8, 12.0.11, 12.1.2, 12.2.1, and 12.3.1.

Other Server

Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an SQL Command ('SQL Injection') vulnerability in axew3.com WP w3all phpBB wp-w3all-phpbb-integration allows SQL Injection.This issue affects WP w3all phpBB: from n/a through 3.1.9.

Injection

SuperTokens Core is an open source authentication server. From 11.3.0 until 11.3.7, 11.4.7, and 12.0.10, SAML.verifySamlResponseSignature calls OpenSAML SignatureValidator.validate without first applying SAMLSignatureProfileValidator. The Core can therefore accept a cryptographically valid signature that references a different XML element from the Response or Assertion whose NameID and attributes are used for authentication. An ordinary user of the configured identity provider can move a genuinely signed element elsewhere in the document while supplying an attacker-authored identity-bearing element, causing XML Signature Wrapping authentication as another IdP user. Both response-level and assertion-level signing paths are affected, and SP-initiated login remains reachable without enabling allowIDPInitiatedLogin. This issue is fixed in versions 11.3.7, 11.4.7, and 12.0.10.

Auth & access Server

SuperTokens Core is an open source authentication server. From 11.0.0 until 11.0.9, 11.1.4, 11.2.4, 11.3.8, 11.4.8, 12.0.11, and 12.1.2, Dashboard.isValidUserSession treats any stored session row as valid without comparing DashboardSessionInfo.expiry to the current time. DashboardQueries.getSessionInfoWithSessionId also selects by app and session identifier without an expiry predicate, leaving the periodic DeleteExpiredDashboardSessions cleanup as the only expiration enforcement. An attacker who obtains a dashboard administrator session after its 30-day lifetime can continue using POST /recipe/dashboard/session/verify until the row is removed, and frequent Core restarts can prevent the 12-hour cleanup sweep from running. The stale session retains full dashboard read and write access, but the flaw does not provide a way to guess or acquire the random session identifier. This issue is fixed in versions 11.0.9, 11.1.4, 11.2.4, 11.3.8, 11.4.8, 12.0.11, and 12.1.2.

Auth & access Server

SuperTokens Core is an open source authentication server. From 6.0.0 until 6.0.24, 7.0.23, 8.0.7, 9.0.6, 9.1.6, 9.2.7, 9.3.5, 10.0.8, 10.1.9, 11.0.9, 11.1.4, 11.2.4, 11.3.8, 11.4.8, 12.0.11, 12.1.2, 12.2.1, and 12.3.1, Multitenancy.checkPermissionsForCreateOrUpdate in src/main/java/io/supertokens/multitenancy/Multitenancy.java does not adequately authorize updates to a parent connection URI domain or the base tenant. In a licensed multi-tenant deployment with multiple applications under one non-default connection URI domain and separate api_keys, an attacker holding one application's valid API key can update the parent domain because the CUD-target branch checks the domain without requiring the source application and tenant to be public. Because api_keys is not protected, the attacker can replace the parent key and then sibling application keys, read or modify sibling users, obtain sessions as those users, establish persistence through a sibling dashboard user, and lock out the sibling application's own key. In the advisory's v2 create or update handlers, omitting the optional identifier produces a base-tenant target that skips the permission branches and enterprise-feature gate, allowing changes to firstFactors, required secondary factors, and recipe-enabled flags that affect login integrity and availability. The base-target variant still rejects coreConfig and does not establish key theft. This issue is fixed in versions 6.0.24, 7.0.23, 8.0.7, 9.0.6, 9.1.6, 9.2.7, 9.3.5, 10.0.8, 10.1.9, 11.0.9, 11.1.4, 11.2.4, 11.3.8, 11.4.8, 12.0.11, 12.1.2, 12.2.1, and 12.3.1.

Auth & access Server

SuperTokens Core is an open source authentication server. From 11.3.0 until 11.3.8, 11.4.8, 12.0.11, 12.1.2, 12.2.1, and 12.3.1, SAML.handleCallback does not consume RelayState, record assertion identifiers, or enforce Response.InResponseTo. In the SP-initiated flow, an attacker who obtains a legitimately issued, still-valid SAML response and its matching RelayState can resubmit the pair to /recipe/saml/callback before the assertion's NotOnOrAfter time; in the IdP-initiated flow, the assertion can be replayed without RelayState. The missing Response.InResponseTo check also permits an in-progress login to be completed with an assertion for a different identity and fails to enforce allowIDPInitiatedLogin=false. The callback does not validate Destination or SubjectConfirmationData Recipient and NotOnOrAfter, and each accepted callback mints a fresh, independently redeemable authorization code carrying the captured user's identity. This issue is fixed in versions 11.3.8, 11.4.8, 12.0.11, 12.1.2, 12.2.1, and 12.3.1.

Other Server

Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting') vulnerability in Melapress WP Activity Log wp-security-audit-log allows Stored XSS.This issue affects WP Activity Log: from n/a through 5.6.7.

XSS

Incorrect Privilege Assignment vulnerability in Tobias WP2LEADS wp2leads allows Privilege Escalation.This issue affects WP2LEADS: from n/a through 3.5.17.

Auth & access

decode_sequence_of() in lib/krb5/asn.1/asn1_encode.c in MIT Kerberos 5 (aka krb5) 1.11 and later grows the decoded element array one entry at a time, which allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (CPU consumption in the KDC) by sending an unauthenticated AS-REQ or TGS-REQ with a large number of elements in a SEQUENCE OF field over TCP.

Denial of service

clean_client() in lib/rpc/svc_auth_gssapi.c in MIT Kerberos 5 (aka krb5) restarts its scan from the head of the client list after each removal, resulting in quadratic CPU cost. Remote attackers can cause a denial of service (CPU consumption in kadmind) by accumulating a large number of AUTH_GSSAPI client entries.

Denial of service

The AUTH_GSSAPI handler in lib/rpc/svc_auth_gssapi.c in MIT Kerberos 5 (aka krb5) 1.5.2 and later allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (memory exhaustion in kadmind) by sending repeated failed AUTH_GSSAPI_INIT requests. Each failed request allocates client state that is only freed after a 15-minute expiration timeout, allowing an attacker to accumulate memory faster than it is reclaimed.

Denial of service

The AUTH_GSSAPI handler in lib/rpc/svc_auth_gssapi.c in MIT Kerberos 5 (aka krb5) does not free decoded arguments on certain error paths, which allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (memory exhaustion in kadmind) via crafted AUTH_GSSAPI_INIT requests that trigger authentication failures.

Denial of service

The RPCSEC_GSS authentication routines in lib/rpc/authgss_prot.c in MIT Kerberos 5 (aka krb5) 1.4 and later do not free partially decoded buffers on failure, which allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (memory leak in kadmind) via crafted RPCSEC_GSS messages.

Denial of service

xdr_krb5_tl_data() in lib/kadm5/kadm_rpc_xdr.c in MIT Kerberos 5 (aka krb5) does not free partially decoded data on failure, which allows remote authenticated users to cause a denial of service (memory leak in kadmind) via crafted RPC requests that trigger a decode failure.

Denial of service

krb5_ktkdb_get_entry() in lib/kdb/keytab.c in MIT Kerberos 5 (aka krb5) 1.2.8 and later does not free decrypted key material when a post-decryption check fails, which allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (memory leak in the KDC or kadmind) via requests that repeatedly trigger key decryption failures.

Denial of service

The policy RPC stubs in kadmin/server/server_stubs.c in MIT Kerberos 5 (aka krb5) 1.5.3 and later do not reject a NULL policy name decoded by xdr_nullstring(), which allows remote authenticated users to cause a denial of service (kadmind crash via NULL pointer dereference) by sending a policy request with an empty policy name that reaches authorization checks or logging code.

Memory safety Server

The GSS-RPC layer in MIT Kerberos 5 (aka krb5) does not enforce size limits on XDR-decoded data, which allows remote authenticated users to cause a denial of service (memory exhaustion or excessive CPU consumption in kadmind) via crafted RPC requests that trigger unbounded memory allocations during XDR decoding.

Denial of service

The GSS-RPC transport layer in MIT Kerberos 5 (aka krb5) 1.4 and later does not release the previous authentication context when a client switches from an RPCSEC_GSS or AUTH_GSSAPI flavor to a non-GSS flavor on the same TCP connection. This allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (memory exhaustion in kadmind) by repeatedly establishing and abandoning GSS authentication contexts.

Denial of service

clnttcp_call() in lib/rpc/clnt_tcp.c in MIT Kerberos 5 (aka krb5) does not free the RPC reply verifier between retries, which allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (memory leak in GSS-RPC client programs) by injecting RPC replies with mismatched XIDs or by triggering authentication retries.

Denial of service

A flaw was found in ansible-core's ansible.builtin.git module. The module invokes git (ls-remote, clone, fetch) with the repository URL as a positional argument and without a "--" separator, so a repository URL that begins with a dash is interpreted by git as a command-line option. A caller that passes an attacker-controlled repository URL to the module can trigger argument injection (for example --upload-pack/--exec), resulting in arbitrary command execution on the host running the module.

Injection Library

The Android implementation of the Flutter/Dart receive_sharing_intent package, versions 1.4.1 through 1.9.0, contains a path traversal vulnerability in FileDirectory.getDataColumn that allows a malicious co-resident application to write files outside the intended cache directory by supplying a crafted _display_name value from an untrusted ContentProvider. Attackers can use a path-shaped display name ../databases/proof.txt combined with a controlled content stream to write to arbitrary locations within the receiving application's private sandbox under its UID, achieving file overwrite without user interaction.

Disclosure OS & kernel

During ABI bootstrap, the bootstrap node's approve-csr.service approves and signs every CSR without identity validation. An attacker on the install network can retrieve the unauthenticated Ignition file (ports 22623/22624), extract a limited kubeconfig, submit a CSR for CN=system:admin, receive the signed certificate, and gain full cluster-admin access. Exploitable only during the narrow bootstrap window.

Auth & access

A flaw was found in the rrule validation of schedules in automation controller. Several non-anchored regular expressions with lazy wildcard prefixes are applied to the user-supplied rrule value; when the expected DTSTART/RRULE tokens are absent, validation time grows quadratically with the length of the value. An authenticated user can submit a large token-free rrule through the REST API, including the schedule preview endpoint, which requires no resource-level permissions; validation runs synchronously in the API web worker, so a single such request occupies a worker for an extended time and repeated requests can exhaust the web worker pool, denying access to the API and web UI while the attack is sustained. The impact is limited to availability.

Denial of service

compose-lint is a Docker Compose security linter that identifies dangerous misconfigurations before deployment. From 0.2.0 until 0.32.0, compose-lint automatically follows a .compose-lint.yml policy-file symbolic link outside the project and includes part of the target line when that external file fails YAML parsing. A pull request can point the policy file at a runner credential file, causing about 30 characters around an attacker-uncontrolled parse position to appear in standard error, JSON errors, and SARIF tool execution notifications uploaded by the GitHub Action. The run exits with an error and the attacker cannot select the exact disclosed line, but public logs or Code Scanning output can reveal part of the target. This issue is fixed in version 0.32.0.

Disclosure Server

compose-lint is a Docker Compose security linter that identifies dangerous misconfigurations before deployment. From 0.22.0 until 0.32.0, compose-lint substitutes values from a sibling .env file into image fields and quotes the resolved value in CL-0004 and CL-0019 finding messages and fix text. In a workflow that writes secrets into that file and then lints untrusted pull-request content, an attacker can reference a secret variable so its whole value reaches the job log, JSON output, SARIF artifacts, and Code Scanning alerts. Fork pull requests normally lack secrets, so exploitation requires a secret-bearing workflow such as pull_request_target, same-repository branches, or a retained .env on a self-hosted runner, and the pass or fail result is unchanged. This issue is fixed in version 0.32.0.

Disclosure Server

compose-lint is a Docker Compose security linter that identifies dangerous misconfigurations before deployment. From 0.2.0 until 0.25.0, compose-lint follows a project-controlled symbolic link used as the Compose file outside the project. The same issue affects compose.override.yml and a COMPOSE_FILE entry from 0.22.0, and an env_file target from 0.23.0. If an external Compose-related target fails YAML parsing, the error quotes an attacker-uncontrolled line into standard error, JSON errors, and SARIF notifications, while an external env_file can expose credential-like key names through CL-0020 and CL-0021 findings. The attacker selects the target path but not the exact parser-failure line, values from env_file are not printed, and the pass or fail result is unchanged. This issue is fixed in version 0.25.0.

Other Library

compose-lint is a Docker Compose security linter that identifies dangerous misconfigurations before deployment. From 0.32.0 until 0.33.0, compose-lint's incomplete remediation for .env secret disclosure checks the 20,000-finding limit before replacing resolved values with their variable references. A pull request can combine a secret-referencing image field with aliased content that produces more than 20,000 findings, causing the early-stop path to emit already graded findings with the resolved secret value in text, JSON, SARIF, and Code Scanning output. Exploitation requires a workflow that writes secrets into the sibling .env and lints untrusted changes, and the run exits 2 unless --allow-partial-coverage is used. This issue is fixed in version 0.33.0.

Disclosure Server

SuperTokens Core is an open source authentication server. Prior to 11.3.6, 11.4.6, and 12.0.8, app-specific management requests using an unknown tenant path and an older supported cdi-version can bypass API-key and public-tenant enforcement. In src/main/java/io/supertokens/webserver/WebserverAPI.java, checkIPAccess and assertThatAPIKeyCheckPasses suppress TenantOrAppNotFoundException, while the later app-specific handler resolves app/public storage and the public-tenant guard applies only to CDI versions 5.0 and later. An unauthenticated caller able to reach the Core endpoint can therefore use PUT /ghosttenant/recipe/role and GET /ghosttenant/recipe/roles to create and enumerate application roles without a valid API key. This issue is fixed in versions 11.3.6, 11.4.6, and 12.0.8.

Auth & access Server

Thor Vector Graphics (ThorVG) is a production-ready vector graphics engine. Prior to 1.1.2, the bundled jpgd JPEG decoder accepts duplicate component selectors in an SOS scan header, causing each duplicate to increase m_blocks_per_mcu without checking the buffers sized from the frame components. A crafted grayscale JPEG can repeat its component in the SOS header, causing decode paths in src/loaders/jpg/tvgJpgd.cpp to write beyond heap buffers sized for one component. The issue is reachable through direct JPEG decoding and through JPEG images embedded in Lottie content, and confirmed impact is memory corruption followed by a process crash. This issue is fixed in version 1.1.2.

Memory safety Device

compose-lint is a Docker Compose security linter that identifies dangerous misconfigurations before deployment. From 0.22.0 until 0.31.0, compose-lint follows a sibling .env symbolic link outside the project without applying its normal containment check. From 0.28.0, the same gap also affects an include project_directory link outside the project. A pull request can reference a variable from the linked file, causing substitution to place runner file or process-environment data into finding messages written to logs, JSON, SARIF artifacts, and Code Scanning alerts. Reading /proc/self/environ can expose the remainder of the linter process environment because NUL-separated entries are treated as one value, although disclosure requires a workflow that processes untrusted changes with useful environment data and GitHub normally withholds secrets from fork pull requests. The pass or fail result is not changed. This issue is fixed in version 0.31.0.

Disclosure Server

compose-lint is a Docker Compose security linter that identifies dangerous misconfigurations before deployment. Prior to 0.31.0, compose-lint prints attacker-controlled service names, environment keys, file lines, and other Compose text without neutralizing GitHub Actions and Azure Pipelines workflow-command openers. When a workflow processes a pull request, legacy ##[ commands or a line-leading double-colon command can create false annotations, hide log regions, mask selected strings, or invoke other commands recognized by the runner. The affected text report paths do not alter the compose-lint exit code or pass or fail result, but they can misrepresent the CI output presented to reviewers. This issue is fixed in version 0.31.0.

Other Server

compose-lint is a Docker Compose security linter that identifies dangerous misconfigurations before deployment. From 0.9.0 until 0.18.0, compose-lint's YAML parser recognizes lone carriage returns and Unicode line separators U+0085, U+2028, and U+2029 as line breaks while fix position conversion counts only newline characters. A pull request can place one of these separators in a quoted value so fix --apply shifts each later edit and deletes the line after the selected target, including an unselected network or other security setting. The resulting Compose file can remain valid, post-edit checks can pass, and the command can report a successful fix even though the dry-run diff was the only place showing the extra deletion. This issue is fixed in version 0.18.0.

Other Library

Redpanda Connect versions 4.39 to 4.110 contain a missing authentication vulnerability that enables unauthenticated remote code execution (RCE). In streams mode, the management HTTP API is exposed on `0.0.0.0:4195`, but authentication is disabled by default and there is no authentication gate protecting the stream CRUD routes. An unauthenticated attacker with network access to TCP/4195 can `POST` a malicious pipeline definition to `/streams/{id}` that includes code-executing processors such as `command`, `subprocess`, `ffi`, or unsafe `sql_raw`, thereby achieving arbitrary RCE on the host with the permissions of the Redpanda Connect service account. Because pipelines can also return command output in-band via HTTP, this vulnerability enables full host compromise, credential theft, and data exfiltration with no user interaction or credentials required. Starting with v4.111, the API endpoint was reconfigured as opt-in, so this and later versions are no longer vulnerable by default. However, RCE remains achievable on v4.111 and later if the management API is manually enabled via the `--bind-http` flag.

Code execution Server

Tasmota through 16.0.0, fixed in commit 1cb7ebc, contains a cross-site request forgery vulnerability that allows unauthenticated attackers to bypass Referer-based CSRF protection in HttpCheckPriviledgedAccess() by crafting a Referer header where the device hostname or IP appears as a substring immediately after http://.evil.com/. Attackers can lure an administrator on the device's network to a malicious page to issue arbitrary console commands and reconfigure Wi-Fi, MQTT, settings, or firmware on devices lacking a WebPassword.

Auth & access Device

Tasmota through 16.0.0, fixed in commit e97e1e4, contains a heap out-of-bounds write vulnerability in SendReceiveDeviceGroupMessage() that allows unauthenticated attackers on the local network to corrupt heap memory by sending crafted Device Groups messages over UDP port 4447 that cause the log_remaining counter to go negative and writes to exceed the fixed 512-byte buffer. Attackers can exploit this flaw to crash the device or potentially achieve native code execution on ESP8266 and ESP32 platforms that lack ASLR and heap cookies.

Memory safety Device

Eclipse Langium versions 3.2.0 through 4.4.0 contain an inefficient algorithmic complexity issue (CWE-407) in the opt-in IndentationAwareTokenBuilder and IndentationAwareLexer. When producing DEDENT tokens, the token builder recomputes line numbers by re-scanning the entire preceding document text. A document whose indentation changes on most lines then takes quadratic time to tokenize. Because tokenization is synchronous, a crafted document of a few hundred kilobytes can block the Node.js event loop for tens of seconds. That causes a DoS for every user served by the same process. Languages built with the DefaultLexer and DefaultTokenBuilder are unaffected.

Denial of service

Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting') vulnerability in Crocoblock JetFormBuilder jetformbuilder allows Stored XSS.This issue affects JetFormBuilder: from n/a through 3.6.8.

XSS Web app

OctoPrint provides a web interface for controlling consumer 3D printers. From 2.0.0rc1 until 2.0.0rc7, an authenticated user can supply a crafted default port or baudrate through a connect request to the bundled Serial Connector plugin. OctoPrint persists these values in printerConnection.preferred.parameters.port or printerConnection.preferred.parameters.baudrate and renders them as HTML when another user views the saved connection parameters, allowing script execution in that user's browser and actions within the user's OctoPrint access. This issue is fixed in version 2.0.0rc7.

XSS Web app

Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting') vulnerability in VideoWhisper.com Broadcast Live Video videowhisper-live-streaming-integration allows Reflected XSS.This issue affects Broadcast Live Video: from n/a through 7.3.14.

XSS Web app

FrodoBots EarthRover Mini+ firmware (version 6.2.4_6.2.5_0.614.0) contains an insecure STM32 firmware update mechanism. The STM32 motor‑controller firmware is fetched over unencrypted HTTP. Integrity is validated only via MD5, with the hash provided in the same unprotected response. No code‑signing mechanism is implemented, allowing firmware to be replaced with potentially malicious code.

Crypto Device

FrodoBots EarthRover Mini+ firmware (v6.2.4_6.2.5_0.614.0) exposes sensitive credentials through multiple insecure mechanisms. The Wi‑Fi PSK is stored in plaintext in wpa_supplicant.conf and is disclosed through unauthenticated API endpoints and diagnostic exports. Additionally, unauthenticated ADB access allows retrieval of the /etc/shadow file.

Disclosure Device

FrodoBots EarthRover Mini+ firmware (version 6.2.4_6.2.5_0.614.0) executes code with unnecessary privileges. All processes run as root and the system lacks privilege separation. The compromise of any single service results in full administrative control of the device.

Other Device

FrodoBots EarthRover Mini+ firmware (version 6.2.4_6.2.5_0.614.0) contains multiple sets of hard-coded credentials. These include fleet‑wide credentials, including BasicAuth credentials for an Agora token service, AWS IAM access keys, AWS IoT MQTT credentials, and a Slack incoming webhook URL. These credentials are embedded directly in frodobot.bin and are accessible through static analysis of the publicly downloadable firmware. Extraction requires no special privileges.

Auth & access Device

FrodoBots EarthRover Mini+ firmware (version 6.2.4_6.2.5_0.614.0) is vulnerable to unauthenticated, remote code execution via MQTT. A firmware method accepts arbitrary shell commands delivered via Amazon Web Services Internet of Things Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (AWS IoT MQTT) messages and executes them as root. Access is gated only by shared Internet of Things (IoT) credentials, with no per‑device authentication, enabling remote code execution as root across the fleet.

Code execution Device